![]() Consistent with systems theories, they found that (a) there is a general factor that reflects reactivity across major domains of functioning, and (b) reactivity is strongly associated with stability and GPP. Ringwald and colleagues examined how general personality functioning manifests in everyday life across individuals drawn from community and clinical samples. Research has suggested that people have higher order traits of general personality function (stability) and dysfunction (general personality pathology, or GPP). Systems theories of personality hold that generalized processes control a person’s stability by regulating how strongly they react to various situations. ![]() Humans generally adapt to the environment while maintaining psychological equilibrium. Personality (Dys)Function and General Instability Further analyses suggested that, to equate the scales, the method of multiple imputation yielded more accurate estimates than equipercentile linking. However, different measures and methods appeared to introduce differences in point estimates, particularly for comparisons between cohorts, preventing clear conclusions regarding between-cohorts trends. Results indicated an inverse U shape of distress across adulthood. The researchers equated the scales (i.e., created a common score for the different measures used) using information from an independently recruited calibration sample and different methods. To examine psychological distress across adulthood and cross-cohort trends, Jongsma and colleagues used data from the psychological-distress measures administered in the 1946, 1958, and 1970 British birth cohorts. ![]() Psychological Distress Across Adulthood: Equating Scales in Three British Birth Cohorts This research highlights the utility of wearable sensor technology as a complement to exposure therapy. ![]() Results indicated that the most salient predictor of ED and SAD symptoms was EDA when patients listened to the neutral script. To test how physiological markers of fear can signal how exposure influences symptoms, Christian and colleagues measured heart rate variability, heart rate, and electrodermal activity (EDA) using wearable sensor technology while participants listened to ED fear, SAD fear, and neutral scripts. LevinsonĮating disorders (EDs) and social anxiety disorder (SAD), characterized by high levels of fear, are treated with exposure therapy (i.e., exposing the patient to the source of their fear). Electrodermal Activity and Heart Rate Variability During Exposure Fear Scripts Predict Trait-Level and Momentary Social Anxiety and Eating-Disorder Symptoms in an Analogue SampleĬaroline Christian, Elizabeth Cash, Dan A. ![]()
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